The project's main goals are to increase awareness, knowledge and understanding of livestock and environment interactions; to identify appropriate options for livestock and environment management at regional and national levels, and to help build sound livestock management and environmental concepts into government and donor policies and projects.

The LEAD Virtual Research and Development Center provides access to decision support tools, electronic conferences, online discussion forums, a digital library, expert consultations, a who's who, a directory, newsletters, and information on project research centers.

Decision support tools include: the Livestock and Environment Toolbox, Livestock Development Planning Systems, Fossil Fuel in Livestock Systems computer models and planning tools, the Digital Library, and the Livestock Environment Policy Dialog.

The Livestock and Environment Toolbox is an electronic decision support tool for policymakers, planners and project leaders less familiar with livestock environment interactions, to help them identify which ones should be encouraged (beneficial) or mitigated (adverse). The toolbox offers technical and policy or institutional development options, together with suggestions for increasing awareness of the issues among policymakers, planners and extension officers.

From the perspective of local livelihoods this paper explores the complex interactions between wildlife, livestock and people, and options for integrated wildlife and livestock management in the semi-arid rangelands of eastern Africa. The paper draws on the sustainable livelihoods approach which explicitly considers whether households have access to the assets required to engage in an activity, and how that activity fits with existing livelihood activities.

This report is part of a comprehensive study on 'Interactions between Livestock Production Systems and the Environment - Global Perspectives and Prospects'. The study examines management of waste from animal product processing, and environmental impact of animal manure management, landless monogastric production systems, landless livestock ruminant systems, and mixed irrigated systems in the (sub-) humid zones.

This annual report highlights communities adopting new ways of doing livestock business that are creating pathways out of poverty. The main chapters of this document present three case studies of how livestock systems are helping poor people meet the challenges of agricultural intensification in developing countries. The research activities in China, India and Nigeria outlined in this annual report is providing ILRI and partners and donor agencies with lessons for producing global public goods

This book argues for a people-focused approach to livestock development, giving high priority to the public-goods aspect of poverty reduction, environmental sustainability, food security and safety, and animal welfare. It outlines the primary policy/technology framework for the main production systems and concludes with an eleven-point action plan for the sector.

This paper examines concepts of food security in relation to pastoralists and attempts to quantify the impact of restocking on pastoralist households in Northern Kenya. The first section of the paper, analysis how food security can be both theoretically defined and practically applied. Whereas, the second section examines the impact of restocking projects on food security at both the household and project level. Food security parameters such as capital, investments and stores were evaluated. Household economic conditions were utilised as a proxy to measure food security. At the project level, the influence of the size of the restocking package on present and future food security was evaluated.

This report focuses on a farm in central Ethiopia, whose mixed crop-livestock producers were just beginning to participate in the expanding dairy market of the country's capital, Addis Ababa. The study also explores what has happened and what may likely happen to supply and demand for different livestock products in different parts of the world. It discusses the implications for equity, the environment and human health, and then briefly reviews some of the policy, institutional and technological interventions needed to ensure benign outcomes. Many of the suggested interventions are part of the research program of ILRI and its partners around the world.

Major implications for livestock research are identified from analysis of the major factors expected to influence livestock development over the next decade. This framework is based on ex ante, or preventive, assessment of probable economic surplus from different research investments, taking into account five criteria: contribution to poverty reduction; expected economic impact; expected environmental impact; international relevance of recommendations under consideration; and expected impact on research capacity in developing countries.

The papers presented at this seminar provided information about the interrelated problems of land degradation, low agricultural productivity and poverty in the Ethiopian highlands (emphasizing the

• administrative regions of Tigray, Amhara and Oromiya);
• the proximate and underlying causes of those problems;
• the responses of individuals, communities and governments to the problems; the impacts of some of those responses; and
• the constraints and opportunities affecting the potential in the future for more productive, sustainable and poverty-reducing development pathways in the Ethiopian highlands.

The "Southern and East African Experts Panel on Designing Successful Conservation and Development Interventions at the Wildlife/Livestock Interface: Implications for Wildlife, Livestock and Human Health" forum brought together nearly 80 veterinarians, ecologists, economists, wildlife managers, and other experts from Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom to develop ways to tackle the immense health-related conservation and development challenges at the wildlife/domestic animal/human interface facing Africa today, and tomorrow. This volume attempts to capture invitees' uniquely grounded insights, and their ideas for making the long-overdue "one health" perspective a reality in practice.

This paper focuses on opportunities to enhance investment returns in agricultural water through integration of livestock into production systems by considering three issues. The first is the development context of the dynamic livestock sector including the anticipated rapid growth in demand for animal products that are transforming the livestock sector and placing increased demand on agricultural water resources. The second is a continent-wide spatial analysis of the current and projected distribution of livestock with implications for related pressure on water resources and investment options that better integrate agricultural water and livestock development. Thirdly, this paper suggests a set of water-livestock investment strategies and options that can help guide planners toward more effective use of water and more beneficial animal production.

This document offers guidelines for development in arid lands where pastoralism is practiced. It focuses on natural resource management (NRM) on arid rangelands used by pastoralists in Africa and Middle East. Part One provides advice on preparing for project interventions. Part Two provides guidelines for specific project components, addressing five essentials of pastoral development projects: herder organizations, support systems, drought management, phasing of technical inputs, and process monitoring.

This article discusses agro-pastoralist exchanges in Mali. This has increase following the Sahelian droughts of the 1970s and 1980s, in which pastoralists have moved southwards with their herds, into wetter, more productive environments; cultivators are increasingly investing in livestock as the plough replaces the hoe. This paper investigates the interactions brought about by the co-existence of herds and agriculture in a village setting.

Common pool resources such as rangeland, forests, fallow fields and ponds provide an array of social and economic benefits for a wide variety of users in semi-arid West Africa. However, poor definition and enforcement of the institutional arrangements governing the use of these resources sometimes lead to social conflicts and resource degradation. This paper examines why institutional arrangements are at times weak, and suggests what action can be taken.