Water Supply and Sanitation
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Chapter 16:
Water Supply and Sanitation
Sanitation Visual Field Guide Additional resources can be found on the ENCAP Tools and References page. |
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Other Internet and Print Resources
NOTE: Listing of a resource does not constitute USAID endorsement or certification Resources and References Click to jump to the desired section.
- Guidelines for Water and Sanitation Programmes
- Web Sites
- Disease Prevention and Control
- Provision of Drinking Water
- Sanitation References
- Guidance for Operation and Maintenance
- Case Studies
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Guidelines for Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes
- Guidelines for Determining the Arsenic Content of Groundwater in USAID-Sponsored Well Programs
Arsenic testing is required for all USAID-funded wells and boreholes. Africa Bureau mandates compliance with this guidelines document for all USAID-funded well and borehole activities in Africa region.
English (832K) 
English (82K)
- Guidelines for the Development of Small Scale rural Water Supply & Sanitation Projects In East Africa.
Warner. D, Abate. C July 2005. PDF (723 KB) - FID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes (1998). United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID). http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/guidance-manual/guidance-manual.htm
An excellent general resource designed to assist DFID staff and partners in developing effective and sustainable water supply and sanitation programs. Comprising three chapters and appendices, it takes the reader from an overview of the sector, through specific development perspectives, to detailed recommendations for each stage of the project cycle.
- Best-practice sourcebook on water, sanitation, and environmental health (2000). CARE (in press).
- Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th ed. (1995). Washington, D.C.: APHA. http://www.standardmethods.org/
This comprehensive reference covers all aspects of water and wastewater analysis techniques. Standard Methods is a joint publication of the American Public Health Association (APHA), the American Water Works Association (AWWA), and the Water Environment Federation (WEF).
- Assessing demand for water supply and sanitation projects. (2000). Sarah Parry-Jones. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/well-studies/well-studies.htm
An exploration of the issues surrounding a demand-responsive approach to water and sanitation service provision, with a discussion of the relative merits of the most commonly used demand assessment tools.
- On-site sanitation in areas with a high groundwater table. (1999). Sarah Parry-Jones
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/lcsahgt.htmIn areas that experience a seasonally high groundwater table or that are prone to flooding, constructing affordable on-site sanitation facilities can be very problematic. It is a challenge that affects many countries worldwide. This technical brief provides practical guidance on some sanitation options in such conditions. More details on each option outlined can be found in the references in the further reading section.
- Private sector participation in the water and sanitation sector: public-private partnership and the poor (1999). Mike Webster and Kevin Sansom. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/well-studies/well-studies.htm
A review of existing work examining the impact of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in the water and sanitation sectors on service delivery to the poor. Important gaps in current knowledge are also identified.
- WELL - Research Centre Network for Water, Sanitation and Environmental Health. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/
The WELL website is a focal point of information about water, sanitation and environmental health and related issues in developing and transitional countries. They publish a wide-variety of guidance documents, including factsheets, studies and technical briefs.
- IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. http://www.irc.nl/
Since its foundation in 1968, the IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) has facilitated the sharing, promotion and use of knowledge so that governments, professionals and organisations can better support poor men, women and children in developing countries to obtain water and sanitation services they will use and maintain. The website contains a vast array of references, training courses and documents. Of particular interest is the interWater Guide to Organizations available at http://www.irc.nl/page/126.
- Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council. http://www.wsscc.org/
Established in 1990 at the end of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. Its purpose is to maintain the momentum of the Decade, by providing a regular way for water and sanitation sector professionals to exchange views and experiences and develop approaches to foster more rapid achievement of the goal of universal coverage
- NETWAS: Network for Water and Sanitation. Hosting the International Training Network for Water and Waste Management (ITN - Africa). http://www.netwas.org/
A network of regional and international training institutions, launched in 1984 by the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program to support training in low-cost water supply and sanitation. ITN Centers provide training, disseminate information and promote local applied sector research on low-cost water supply and sanitation options. The Network links affiliated institutions serving Asia and Africa in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (serving countries in francophone West Africa); Kumasi, Ghana (Ghana); Harare, Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe); Nairobi, Kenya (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda); Dhaka, Bangladesh; Calcutta, India (India); and Manila, Philippines (Philippines). New centers are under development.
- Water and Sanitation Program Knowledge Network http://www.wsp.org/
The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is an international partnership of the world's leading development agencies concerned with improving sector policies, practices and capacities to serve poor people. Administered by the World Bank, WSP provides targeted support to national and local governments, local communities, and their support organizations.
Disease Prevention and Control
- Cholera and other epidemic diarrhoeal diseases control (1996). Prepared by the Robens Institute, University of Surrey, UK. Geneva: WHO. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/cholera/WHO_EMC_DIS_97_6/en/index.html
- PHAST step-by-step guide: a participatory approach for the control of diarrhoeal disease (1998). R. Sawyer, M. Simpson-Hébert and S. Wood. Geneva: WHO. English: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1998/WHO_EOS_98.3.pdf French: Available for purchase at http://www.who.int/bookorders/francais/detart2.jsp?sesslan=2&codlan=1&codcol=93&codcch=131
- Sanitation promotion (1998). Mayling Simpson-Hébert and Sara Wood, eds. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) Working Group on Promotion of Sanitation. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1998/WHO_EOS_98.5_pp1-140.pdf and http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1998/WHO_EOS_98.5_pp141-277.pdf
A valuable resource consisting of a number of short sections that can be used independently. A "Checklists" section (pp. 141-153) includes checklists for planning better sanitation projects, sanitation in emergency situations, hygiene behavior-change, and suggestions for addressing gender issues. Other sections focus on building political will and partnerships and on conducting promotional programs including subsections on principles and guidelines, empowerment, checklists, and promotion through innovation.
- Promoting change in environmental health behaviour (1999). Ben Cave and Valerie Curtis. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/well-studies/well-studies.htm
A literature review focusing on the potential effectiveness of approaches to environmental health promotion in developing countries, and appropriate expectations and targets for change in health behavior.
- WHO guidelines for drinking water quality: training pack. (2000). World Health Organization, Protection of the Human Environment. Geneva: WHO. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/dwqtraining/en/index.html
These training materials cover a wide range of topics and include 23 sessions - both presentations and practical sessions. Each presentation in the materials includes a session plan, a background paper and overhead transparencies. Each practical session provides guidance as to how such sessions might be delivered and the materials required.
- On-line bore-well and hand-pump installation tutorial. Lifewater Canada. http://www.lifewater.ca/ndexdril.htm
- Water quality assessments: a guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring, 2nd edition (1996). Deborah Chapman, ed. Published on behalf of UNESCO, WHO and UNEP. London: E & FN Spon. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/wqa/en/index.html
- John Kalbermatten, Richard Middleton and Roland Schertenleib. Household-centered Environmental Sanitation. Vision 21. http://www.wsscc.org/pdf/publication/hces.pdf
An amplification of the HCES Model, developed following the Wageningen Meeting. It includes more detailed descriptions of the "zones" and the decision-making processes in different circumstances. Likely to be the model for environmental sanitation planning and implementation in the coming years.
- Guidelines for wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture: recommended revisions based on new research evidence (1999). Ursula Blumenthal, Anne Peasey, Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios and Duncan Mara. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/well-studies/well-studies.htm
The implications of some new studies for the setting of international guidelines for using wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture are considered, along with the wastewater treatment and other health protection measures needed to achieve these guidelines.
- A guide to the development of on-site sanitation (1992). R. Franceys et al. Geneva: WHO. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/onsitesan.pdf
- Community-based technologies for domestic wastewater treatment and reuse: options for urban agriculture (1999). G.D. Rose. International Development Research Centre (IDRC). http://www.p2pays.org/ref/03/02008.htm
This document provides information on urban wastewater management. It specifically discussed issues involved in wastewater resrouce recovery, wastewater management, project planning and implementation. It also includes a good discussion of wastewater treatment technologies such as on-site treatment, anaerobic treatment systems, water-based treatments, and sludge management.
- Health aspects of dry sanitation with waste reuse (2000). Anne Peasey. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/well-studies/well-studies.htm
A review that collates current knowledge of health risks associated with dry sanitation technologies and the problems associated with their use and maintenance.
Guidance for Operation and Maintenance
- Operation and maintenance of rural water supply and sanitation systems: a training package for managers and planners (2000). Prepared by François Brikké. WSSCC Operation and Maintenance Network and IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. Geneva: http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/2548/26132/file/OME_OM_TrainingPackage.pdf
- See http://www.who.int/docstore/water_sanitation_health/wss/o_m.html for links to the following guides:
- Selected case studies on operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems. These case studies describe different operation and maintenance (O&M) experiences in a variety of countries, in both rural and urban settings. They are a useful source of information for improving O&M practice.
- Tools for assessing operation and maintenance status of urban and rural water supply (2000). These comprehensive guidelines show how to assess O&M performance in both rural and urban areas.
- Operation and maintenance of urban water supply and sanitation systems: a guide for managers. This publication examines factors which may prevent existing urban water supply systems from working efficiently, and provides guidelines and solutions for optimization.
- Leakage control: source material for a training package. Materials trainers can adapt for use in local training courses, covering all aspects of leakage control, divided into individual modules for ease of use.
- Upgrading water treatment plants (2001). Summarizes many different field experiences with efforts to improve the quality of water and to upgrade the capacity of water treatment plants. It provides a practical approach to improving the performance of water treatment plants.
- Management of operation and maintenance in rural drinking-water supply and sanitation: a resource training package. This package contains resource material for training courses aimed at improving the management of O&M in rural areas.
- Models of management systems for the operation and maintenance of rural water supply and sanitation systems. This document evaluates the factors which influence the development of O&M management systems for rural facilities. It describes models in eight representative countries and offers guidance to planners and designers in selecting the best approach.
- Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance. This document helps users make more appropriate technology choices by providing information on the O&M implications-particularly the costs-of selecting a specific technology.
- Provision of water and sanitation services to small towns (2000). Jeremy Colin and Joy Morgan. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/well-studies/summaries-htm/%23brief323.htm
This report describes and analyzes the findings of rapid investigations in two small towns in Uganda and two in the Southern Indian state of Kerala.
- Sanitation programmes revisited (1999). Darren Saywell and Caroline Hunt. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/well-studies/well-studies.htm
A comparative analysis of two notable African sanitation programs, focusing on a historical analysis (investigating how, when and why the programs developed in the way they did) and an understanding of critical issues common to each program, including demand assessment, sanitation promotion, community participation, responsibility for service provision, finance and cost recovery, and health aspects of promotion.
- Lessons learned from village-level operation and maintenance (VLOM) (1999). Jeremy Colin. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/well-studies/well-studies.htm
A literature review of sector experience of the Village Level Operation and Maintenance Management (VLOM) approach to rural water supply.
- Learning what works: a 20-year retrospective view on international water and sanitation cooperation (1998). Maggie Black. World Bank. English:. http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/water/InternationalWaterDecade1981-1990_review.pdf
A detailed history of water supply and sanitation programs and lessons learned.
- Best-practice sourcebook on water, sanitation, and environmental health (2000). CARE (in press).
In order to respond to the growing needs for safe drinking water and appropriate means of household sanitation, Catholic Relief Services is determined to provide the best possible technical, social and economic support to rural communities of East Africa. These guidelines are the result of the combined efforts of many individuals, both within CRS and other organizations, to assist in the planning and implementation of CRS country programs in water and sanitation in the region.